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Censorship in Thailand is very significant. Harassment, manipulation, and strict control of political news was common under the Thaksin government (2001–2006), restrictions and media harassment worsened after a military junta overthrew the Thaksin government in a 2006 coup,〔The Nation, (Junta's bills stifle free expression in run-up to vote ), 18 Aug 2007〕 and increased in the Abhisit era (2008–2011).〔(2011 "Human Rights Report: Thailand" ), ''2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US Department of State〕 Freedom of speech was guaranteed in the 1997 Constitution of Thailand〔("The Thai Constitution of 1997 and its Implication on Criminal Justice Reform" ), Kittipong Kittayarak, ''120th International Senior Seminar'', Resource Material Series No. 60, United Nations Asia and Far East Institute (UNAFEI). Retrieved 23 Aug 2012〕 and those guarantees continue in the 2007 Constitution.〔(''Draft Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand'' ), Constitution Drafting Committee, 26 April 2007〕 Mechanisms for censorship have included strict lèse majesté laws, direct government/military control over the broadcast media, and the use of economic and political pressure.〔("Publish And Perish" ), Phil Zabriskie Bangkok, ''Time'', 11 Mar 2002〕 Criticism of the King is banned by the Constitution, although most lèse majesté cases have been directed at foreigners, or at Thai opponents of political, social and commercial leaders. Thailand ranked 59th out of 167 countries in 2004 and then fell to 107th out of 167 countries in 2005 in the worldwide Press Freedom Index from Reporters Without Borders.〔("Press Freedom Index 2004" ), Reporters Without Borders〕〔("Press Freedom Index 2005" ), Reporters Without Borders〕 Thailand's ranking fell to 153rd out of 178 in 2010〔("Press Freedom Index 2010" ), Reporters Without Borders〕 and rose to 137th out of 179 in 2011–2012.〔("Press Freedom Index 2011–2012" ), Reporters Without Borders〕 In the 2014 index, Thailand ranked 130 of 180 nations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://rsf.org/index2014/en-index2014.php )〕 ==Guarantees of freedom of speech, expression, and the press== Freedom of speech was guaranteed in the 1997 Constitution of Thailand.〔 Those guarantees continue in the 2007 Constitution, which states in part:〔 *Section 36: A person shall enjoy the liberty of communication by lawful means. * *Censorship, detention or disclosure of communication between persons including any other act disclosing a statement in communication between persons shall not be made except by virtue of the provisions of the law specifically enacted for security of the state or maintaining public order or good morals. *Section 45: A person shall enjoy the liberty to express his or her opinion, make speeches, write, print, publicize, and make expression by other means. * *Restriction on liberty under paragraph one shall not be imposed except by virtue of the provisions of law specifically enacted for the purpose of maintaining the security of the state, safeguarding the rights, liberties, dignity, reputation, family or privacy rights of other persons, maintaining public order or good morals or preventing the deterioration of the mind or health of the public. * *Closure of a press house or radio or television station to deprive them of the liberty under this section shall not be made. * *Censorship by a competent official of news and articles before their publication in a newspaper, printed matter, or radio or television broadcasting shall not be made except during the time when the country is in a state of war or armed conflict; provided that it must be made by virtue of the law enacted under the provisions of paragraph two. * *Owner of a newspaper or other mass media business shall be a Thai national. * *No grant of money or other properties shall be given by the state as subsidies to private newspapers or other mass media. *Section 46: Officials or employees of a private sector undertaking, newspaper or radio or television broadcasting business shall enjoy their liberty to present news and express their opinions under the constitutional restrictions without mandate of any state agency or owner of such business provided that it is not contrary to their professional ethics. *Section 26: In exercising powers of all state authorities, regard shall be given to human dignity, rights, and liberties in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. *Section 28: A person can invoke human dignity or exercise his or her rights and liberties in so far as it is not in violation of rights and liberties of other persons or contrary to this Constitution or good morals. *Section 29: Restriction of such rights and liberties as recognized by the Constitution shall not be imposed on a person except by virtue of provisions of the law which must not affect the essential substances of such rights and liberties. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Censorship in Thailand」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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